Tag: linux

Command Substitution in bash

Text between backticks is executed and replaced by the output of the command (minus the trailing newline characters, and beware that shell behaviors vary when there are NUL characters in the output). That is called command substitution because it is substituted with the output of the command.

A=`cat /etc/p2ass2wd2 | head -n1`
echo "$A"
A=$(cat /etc/p2ass2wd2 | head -n1)
echo "$A"

References
https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/48392/understanding-backtick
https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/147420/what-is-in-a-command

Get IP Address using bash

Displaying private IP addresses

ip addr | grep 'state UP' -A2 | tail -n1 | awk '{print $2}' | cut -f1  -d'/'


address=$(ip addr show wlp3s0 | grep 'state UP' -A2 | tail -n1 | awk '{print $2}' | cut -f1  -d'/')

Displaying the public IP address

If you want to know the public IP address of a Linux server, you can send an HTTP request to one of the following web servers.

  • http://ifconfig.me
  • http://www.icanhazip.com
  • http://ipecho.net/plain
  • http://indent.me
  • http://bot.whatismyipaddress.com
  • https://diagnostic.opendns.com/myip
  • http://checkip.amazonaws.com
curl http://checkip.amazonaws.com
wget -qO- http://checkip.amazonaws.com

References
https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/119269/how-to-get-ip-address-using-shell-script
https://www.linuxtrainingacademy.com/determine-public-ip-address-command-line-curl/

Staging the changes in git

git status

git add -A stages all changes

git add . stages new files and modifications, without deletions

git add -u stages modifications and deletions, without new files

git add -A is equivalent to git add .; git add -u

git add -A is equivalent to git add --all

git add -u is equivalent to git add --update

References
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/572549/difference-between-git-add-a-and-git-add
https://git-scm.com/docs/git-stage
https://git-scm.com/docs/git-add

Signing Commits in Git using GPG Key

gpg --list-secret-keys --keyid-format LONG

From the list of GPG keys, copy the GPG key ID you’d like to use. In this example, the GPG key ID is 3AA5C34371567BD2

$ gpg --list-secret-keys --keyid-format LONG
/Users/hubot/.gnupg/secring.gpg
------------------------------------
sec   4096R/3AA5C34371567BD2 2016-03-10 [expires: 2017-03-10]
uid                          Hubot 
ssb   4096R/42B317FD4BA89E7A 2016-03-10
git config --global user.signingkey 3AA5C34371567BD2

or

git commit -S -m your commit message

References
https://help.github.com/en/articles/telling-git-about-your-signing-key
https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Tools-Signing-Your-Work
https://help.github.com/en/articles/signing-commits

Save terminal output to a file

          || visible in terminal ||   visible in file   || existing
  Syntax  ||  StdOut  |  StdErr  ||  StdOut  |  StdErr  ||   file   
==========++==========+==========++==========+==========++===========
    >     ||    no    |   yes    ||   yes    |    no    || overwrite
    >>    ||    no    |   yes    ||   yes    |    no    ||  append
          ||          |          ||          |          ||
   2>     ||   yes    |    no    ||    no    |   yes    || overwrite
   2>>    ||   yes    |    no    ||    no    |   yes    ||  append
          ||          |          ||          |          ||
   &>     ||    no    |    no    ||   yes    |   yes    || overwrite
   &>>    ||    no    |    no    ||   yes    |   yes    ||  append
          ||          |          ||          |          ||
 | tee    ||   yes    |   yes    ||   yes    |    no    || overwrite
 | tee -a ||   yes    |   yes    ||   yes    |    no    ||  append
          ||          |          ||          |          ||
 n.e. (*) ||   yes    |   yes    ||    no    |   yes    || overwrite
 n.e. (*) ||   yes    |   yes    ||    no    |   yes    ||  append
          ||          |          ||          |          ||
|& tee    ||   yes    |   yes    ||   yes    |   yes    || overwrite
|& tee -a ||   yes    |   yes    ||   yes    |   yes    ||  append
  • command > output.txt

    The standard output stream will be redirected to the file only, it will not be visible in the terminal. If the file already exists, it gets overwritten.

  • command >> output.txt

    The standard output stream will be redirected to the file only, it will not be visible in the terminal. If the file already exists, the new data will get appended to the end of the file.

  • command 2> output.txt

    The standard error stream will be redirected to the file only, it will not be visible in the terminal. If the file already exists, it gets overwritten.

  • command 2>> output.txt

    The standard error stream will be redirected to the file only, it will not be visible in the terminal. If the file already exists, the new data will get appended to the end of the file.

  • command &> output.txt

    Both the standard output and standard error stream will be redirected to the file only, nothing will be visible in the terminal. If the file already exists, it gets overwritten.

  • command &>> output.txt

    Both the standard output and standard error stream will be redirected to the file only, nothing will be visible in the terminal. If the file already exists, the new data will get appended to the end of the file..

  • command | tee output.txt

    The standard output stream will be copied to the file, it will still be visible in the terminal. If the file already exists, it gets overwritten.

  • command | tee -a output.txt

    The standard output stream will be copied to the file, it will still be visible in the terminal. If the file already exists, the new data will get appended to the end of the file.

  • command |& tee output.txt

    Both the standard output and standard error streams will be copied to the file while still being visible in the terminal. If the file already exists, it gets overwritten.

  • command |& tee -a output.txt

    Both the standard output and standard error streams will be copied to the file while still being visible in the terminal. If the file already exists, the new data will get appended to the end of the file.

References
https://askubuntu.com/questions/420981/how-do-i-save-terminal-output-to-a-file